According to Vygotsky, inner speech — though derived from oral language — develops as concepts are internalised and is a more condensed version of normal speech. You must be logged in to post a comment Login. You must be logged in to post a comment. First Discoverers is a unique independent childcare resource. It is an incredible resource for anyone who works in childcare and wishes to further their knowledge, or simply anyone wishing to learn more about the children around them.
Example Vygotsky , p56 provides the example of pointing a finger. Principles Cognitive development is limited to a certain range at any given age.
Full cognitive development requires social interaction. References Vygotsky, L. Thought and Language. Vygotsky, L. In contrast, Piaget emphasizes the importance of peers, as peer interaction promotes social perspective taking. Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic abilities for intellectual development called 'elementary mental functions' Piaget focuses on motor reflexes and sensory abilities. Eventually, through interaction within the sociocultural environment, these are developed into more sophisticated and effective mental processes which Vygotsky refers to as 'higher mental functions.
For example, memory in young children this is limited by biological factors. However, culture determines the type of memory strategy we develop. For example, in western culture, children learn note-taking to aid memory, but in pre-literate societies, other strategies must be developed, such as tying knots in a string to remember, or carrying pebbles, or repetition of the names of ancestors until large numbers can be repeated.
Vygotsky, therefore, sees cognitive functions, even those carried out alone, as affected by the beliefs, values, and tools of intellectual adaptation of the culture in which a person develops and therefore socio-culturally determined. The tools of intellectual adaptation, therefore, vary from culture to culture - as in the memory example.
However, Vygotsky placed more emphasis on social contributions to the process of development, whereas Piaget emphasized self-initiated discovery. According to Vygotsky , much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor. Vygotsky refers to this as cooperative or collaborative dialogue. The child seeks to understand the actions or instructions provided by the tutor often the parent or teacher then internalizes the information, using it to guide or regulate their own performance.
Shaffer gives the example of a young girl who is given her first jigsaw. Alone, she performs poorly in attempting to solve the puzzle. As the child becomes more competent, the father allows the child to work more independently. According to Vygotsky, this type of social interaction involving cooperative or collaborative dialogue promotes cognitive development.
The more knowledgeable other MKO is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. Although the implication is that the MKO is a teacher or an older adult, this is not necessarily the case.
Many times, a child's peers or an adult's children may be the individuals with more knowledge or experience. For example, who is more likely to know more about the newest teenage music groups, how to win at the most recent PlayStation game, or how to correctly perform the newest dance craze - a child or their parents? In fact, the MKO need not be a person at all.
Some companies, to support employees in their learning process, are now using electronic performance support systems. Electronic tutors have also been used in educational settings to facilitate and guide students through the learning process. The key to MKOs is that they must have or be programmed with more knowledge about the topic being learned than the learner does. The concept of the More Knowledgeable Other is integrally related to the second important principle of Vygotsky's work, the Zone of Proximal Development.
This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. For example, the child could not solve the jigsaw puzzle in the example above by itself and would have taken a long time to do so if at all , but was able to solve it following interaction with the father, and has developed competence at this skill that will be applied to future jigsaws.
Vygotsky sees the Zone of Proximal Development as the area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given - allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions.
Vygotsky also views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. He suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where less competent children develop with help from more skillful peers - within the zone of proximal development.
Freund conducted a study in which children had to decide which items of furniture should be placed in particular areas of a dolls house. Some children were allowed to play with their mother in a similar situation before they attempted it alone zone of proximal development while others were allowed to work on this by themselves Piaget's discovery learning.
Freund found that those who had previously worked with their mother ZPD showed the greatest improvement compared with their first attempt at the task. Vygotsky believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication purposes. Vygotsky differentiates between three forms of language: social speech which is external communication used to talk to others typical from the age of two ; private speech typical from the age of three which is directed to the self and serves an intellectual function; and finally private speech goes underground, diminishing in audibility as it takes on a self-regulating function and is transformed into silent inner speech typical from the age of seven.
For Vygotsky, thought and language are initially separate systems from the beginning of life, merging at around three years of age. At this point speech and thought become interdependent: thought becomes verbal, speech becomes representational. When this happens, children's monologues internalized to become inner speech. The internalization of language is important as it drives cognitive development. It still remains speech, i. But while in external speech thought is embodied in words, in inner speech words dies as they bring forth thought.
Inner speech is to a large extent thinking in pure meanings. Vygotsky was the first psychologist to document the importance of private speech. He considered private speech as the transition point between social and inner speech, the moment in development where language and thought unite to constitute verbal thinking. Thus private speech, in Vygotsky's view, was the earliest manifestation of inner speech. Indeed, private speech is more similar in its form and function to inner speech than social speech.
Private speech is 'typically defined, in contrast to social speech, as speech addressed to the self not to others for the purpose of self-regulation rather than communication.
0コメント