The first attack using his methods was at Ypres in Haber was promoted to captain in the German army - but on the night he celebrated promotion in his villa in Berlin, his wife committed suicide.
Clara Immerwahr, a trained chemist, had become increasingly frustrated with her life at home looking after their son, and with the military direction of her husband's research. Haber rushed back to the front, apparently unmoved. But in a letter soon afterwards he wrote: "I hear in my heart the words that the poor woman once said… I see her head emerging from between orders and telegrams, and I suffer.
By the end of the war he had re-married, but his reputation was as uncertain as ever. Awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on ammonia, he also feared arrest as a war criminal for his poison gas research. In the new Germany of the Weimar Republic, Haber continued to strive patriotically, with characteristic self-confidence. The country faced huge reparations payments. Haber claimed he could extract gold from seawater to pay off the debts - but this time there was no miraculous breakthrough.
By the early s he could see vicious anti-Semitism spreading around him, and his claim to be a German patriot was no protection. There was the porter, who said: 'The Jew Haber is not allowed in here. Haber resigned, devastated, went briefly into exile, and died of a heart attack in Despite the significance of his discoveries he remains much less well known than his friend and colleague Albert Einstein - perhaps because his reputation is so disputed. It was not just the poison gas.
There was one other area of research in the s in which Haber and his colleagues were successful: developing pesticide gases. Of Haber's legacies, this was the bitterest. For this research was later developed into the Zyklon process, used by the Nazis to murder millions in their death camps, including his own extended family.
His godson, historian Fritz Stern, says we must remember Haber "in all his complexity". There are people on Arizona's death row and the state has executed 37 people since , when the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty.
Arizona hasn't executed a death row inmate since , when Joseph Wood's execution by lethal injection took two hours, the longest in U. It was supposed to take 10 minutes, but the botched execution went horribly awry. In March, the department announced it would begin using a new execution protocol, the barbiturate pentobarbital, according to the center. However, the department said it could not obtain a supply of the lethal injection drug.
Death Penalty Information Center says the department faced criticism for spending so much money when its infrastructure was crumbling, it was understaffed and it was providing "substandard medical care. CBS News has reached out to the center for comment and is awaiting a response. The state is facing criticism yet again for obtaining the means to make HCN, the chemical in Zyklon B. Arizona has a controversial history with trying to obtain lethal drugs to kill death row inmates.
The bodies were burned in ovens in the crematoria or buried in mass graves. Many people profited from the pillage of corpses. Camp guards stole some of the gold. The rest was melted down and deposited in an SS bank account. Private business firms bought and used the hair to make many products, including ship rope and mattresses. October Germans begin killing of the impaired The systematic killing begins of those Germans whom the Nazis deem "unworthy of life.
Selected patients are sent to one of six gassing installations established as part of the "Euthanasia" Program: Bernburg, Brandenburg, Grafeneck, Hadamar, Hartheim, and Sonnenstein.
These patients are killed in gas chambers using carbon monoxide gas. The experts who participated in the "Euthanasia" Program are later instrumental in establishing and operating the extermination camps. December 8, First killing center begins operation The Chelmno killing center begins operation. Victims at Chelmno are killed in gas vans hermetically sealed trucks with engine exhaust diverted to the interior compartment.
The Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka camps use carbon monoxide gas generated by stationary engines attached to gas chambers. Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest of the killing centers, has four large gas chambers using Zyklon B crystalline hydrogen cyanide as the killing agent.
The gas chambers at Majdanek use both carbon monoxide and Zyklon B. Millions of Jews are killed in the gas chambers in the killing centers as part of the "Final Solution. These gas chambers were constructed to kill those prisoners the Nazis deemed "unfit" for work.
Most of these camps used Zyklon B in their gas chambers.
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